Correctional Facilities and Environments - 1166 Words

Processes of Correctional Environments: Correctional facilities play an integral role in the criminal justice system as many individuals who are convicted of offenses are normally placed on probation rather than being sent to prison. In other cases, convicted criminals who have served their jail terms are usually released on parole. In addition to meeting other requirements, criminals are required to stay out of trouble during parole and probation periods. In order to prevent offenders from committing new offenses; probation, parole, and correctional treatments officers and specialists are involved in supervision of these criminals. Probation officers are involved in supervising criminals placed on probation rather than prison while parole officers supervise those who have been released from prison. On the other hand, correctional treatment specialists counsel criminals and develop rehabilitation plans for them to follow upon their release from prison or parole. Processes of Jails, Prisons, Probation, and Parole: As part of accomplishing their mandates, probation and parole officers usually meet the offenders through personal contact with them and their families. These officers meet with the criminals in their homes and employment places for therapy sessions and also seek help from community organizations and other necessary institutions and groups. In some cases, parole and probation processes involve the requirement for the offenders to wear electronic devices soShow MoreRelatedCorrectional Facilities And A Safe Environment For Both Inmates And The Staff Of The Facility Essay1929 Words   |  8 PagesIt is critical that correctional facilities have proper polices and procedures in place to ensure a safe environment for both the inmates and the staff of the facility. According to the United States Department of Justice (USDOJ), â€Å"Over 10,000 ex-prisoners are relased from America’s state and federal prisons every week and arrive on the doorsteps of our nation’s communities† (â€Å"Prisoners and Prisoner Re-Entry, para 1). Understanding and knowing what works within a facility can mean life or death.Read MoreEssay about Correctional System1469 Words   |  6 PagesThe U.S. correctional system has come under critical public scrutiny which has corrections administrators scrambling to find ways to run effective correctional facilities. The reality of corrections administration today is that it is changing. Major issues of this changing environment include ongoing budget concerns, privatization, technology, overcrowding, program issues, personnel management, security issues, and legal issues. This paper examines these current issues facing correctional administratorsRead MoreLife of a Correctional Officer1056 Words   |  5 PagesLIFE OF A CORRECTIONAL OFFICER CRJ: 303 Corrections 17 March 2013 Abstract The life of a correctional officer is something that is easily over looked. Not understanding or knowing the intricate details that go into what it actually takes to coexist with incarcerated inmates is one of the reasons that the general public is able to go about their daily lives, not thinking or wondering how those inmates are controlled. Correctional officers have one of the hardest jobs on the planet, having to workRead MoreThe Picture Of The Prison887 Words   |  4 Pagescastle. The environment depicting the dark and gloomy hallways leading to the multi-level tiers of cells, which housing hundreds of convicted felonies that would never see the light of day. The description is pretty much accurate. The prisons of the late 1800’s and early 1900’s were design that way to allow for unobstructed view of the cell block and galleries of inmates housed there, using a limited amount of man power (Prison Security Goes High-Tech.) (2013). The Departments of Correctional ServicesRead MoreOvercrowding Of Prisons And Its Effects On Inmates1389 Words   |  6 PagesOvercrowding in Prisons In the United States, the increasing population within prisons contribute to the stress regarding the security of correctional facilities’ and the negative effects on inmates. Overcrowding can be defined as a space with a concentrated number of objects or people in a space beyond comfort. According to Verne Cox, PhD, â€Å"as a group of prison researchers summarized, in the 1980s [...] crowding in prisons is a major source of administrative problems and adversely affects inmateRead MoreEmployee Attitude and Satisfaction in a Prison1318 Words   |  5 Pagesthis prison is significantly affected by racial groupings, which in turn has a major effect on their job satisfaction. This paper examines the issue of employee attitude and satisfaction at the prison, which is characterized with difficult working environment and ineffective attempts to enhance employee racial relations. The evaluation is based on the use of several sources whose credibility is based on the publishers a nd their contributions to the criminal justice field. Employee Attitudes in an Organization: Read MoreWhy Juveniles Should Not Be Legal1254 Words   |  6 Pagesqualitative methods. The first part of the study would be conducted in a juvenile and adult correctional facility whereas the second part of the study would take place in the city of Houston, Texas with university students and residents as test subjects. The juvenile and adult correctional facility directors would be contacted and informed prior to the commencement of the study. Two correctional facilities would be studied. The juvenile sample population would consists of juveniles that have beenRead MoreInternal And External And Internal Stakeholders1428 Words   |  6 PagesSome of the external and internal Stakeholders in our corrections are: Police Agencies: If the local police decide to conduct a large sweep of offenders who have warrants or make mass arrests of people involved in the drug trade, their pre-trial facilities can expect a large night of intakes, many of whom may be under the influence or detoxing (Horgan , 2012). Our counts are reliant on the number of arrests that the police make and our medical staffs often are required to deal with a sick populationRead MoreRehabilitation Is Essential For Human Life1669 Words   |  7 Pagesof events including injuries, disease, drug abuse and crime related cases. This paper concentrates on rehabilitation in corrections. Most of the people who are in correctional facilities might have been perpetrators of crime. Placement in a correctional institution means subjection to a completely new environment. This new environment furthers the need for rehabilitation as it has the potential to create harsher criminals. (Sykes, 2007). There is great connectedness between rehabili tation and theRead MoreCorrections in teh Criminal Justice System1076 Words   |  4 Pagescorrections in the United States. The village style, communal life of colonial America did not lend itself to extensive use of institutional incarceration. Resources and expertise for erecting jails or prison facilities were non-existent. A few jails were used as short-term housing facilities for those awaiting trial or imposition of a sentence. Some offenders served short jail terms, but one reason jails were not used as frequently as in later times was due to economics. Even today, jails and prisons

Law of Seas Notes Free Essays

Limitations: Article 116 – there are 3 ways in which people who whose to fish on high seas are limited. What’s the limitation of fishing on high seas. – answer Isn’t 87, BUT article 116 treaty obligations must be complied with, rights and duties of coastal states must be respected. We will write a custom essay sample on Law of Seas Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Articles 116-120 – relate to conservation and management of living sources on the high seas. Article 118 – says that countries should cooperate, subrogation fisheries and organizations so government agencies can assess what’s being exploited so as to negotiate resources. Article 119 – when Investigating exploitation and resources, must use best scientific evidence that gives maximum sustainable yields. Consider dependent species – IPPP Can’t be discriminatory and can’t be against fisherman of particular state. Backwards from high seas what’s the next zone – economic zone – distances are important – 24 to 200 nautical miles Then next zone is contiguous zone – stretches from territorial zone out to economic zone. If you know these you can flick through the book what Is the contiguous zone and what does It do? What article relates to contiguous zone – article 33 – slide number 12. What is the limitation of the contiguous zone – a state MAY control immigration in the contiguous zone – we can stop them from gashing, Infringing customs laws, sanitary laws or any regulations within the territory or territorial sea ? If no legislation, state can do nothing. From where contiguous zone is measured – from baseline – coastline is Jagged therefore they use low watermark to do it. Need to know the article – whenever you get question, you must tell article. I OFF Territorial sea – articles 3, 17 and 18. Territorial limitation is key to security for a nation. Ships are actually allowed from foreign nations can travel through, only limitation on them is stout in article 18-21 – got to tell what PASSAGE actually means (article 18). Can’t enter internal waters (where sea enters rivers) but allowed to traverse the sea. Must be expeditious (article 18(2)) got to keep going – expeditious (check dictionary) – relatively quickly. Always exceptions – legislation says well okay even though you have to keep going, you can anchor but only if it is part of your navigation procedures. That would mean ports authority would know (have permission). However, it says that force measure (serious intervention in the normal course of undertaking – e. G. Wild storm) so you can port for protection – or distress call – you can render assistance from ships, aircraft. You can only travel in territorial waters if passage is innocent (look at 19 and 21 said lecturer) – article 19 – meaning of innocent passage – 19(1) not prejudicial to the peace of the state, good order or security. Under article 19(2) – shows what ship cannot do through territorial waters. Question on innocent passage. Marks taken off if you go to wrong subsection – read question carefully. Foreigners not allowed to fish in territorial waters. Do need to know article 19. Article 21 – allows laws and regulations of coastal state in respect to the territorial sea – innocent passage. Must be inline with UNCLOGS and international law. Safety of navigation, protection of navigational aids and facilities is critical of innocent passage. Conservation of fisheries and marine ecosystem – ship cannot infringe fishing laws, can’t pollute, no marine research. Article 24 – may not be a definite answer and take two sides e. G. If this if that, may be because of this etc. Reason through a problem. Duties imposed upon a coastal state: Mustn’t hamper passage of foreign ships. Can’t impose requirement on foreign ships which deny innocent passage. Can’t discriminate – e. G. One from France, Italy, Indonesia – can’t go to Indonesia automatically (defiance of 24 1(b)). Must warn of any likely danger – e. G. Buoys etc. (24 article) Article 25 – coastal state can do anything where they think that the passage is not innocent. Got to refer to 19 and has to have reasonable proof. Rights of coastal states Only require to know certain articles put up in learn (slides). Don’t want you to look at other articles Section 3 of the exam (consisting of 5 questions and 12 marks will be to do with End of the line – documentary 1 billion people out of 7. 3 billion rely on fish as source of protein instead of chicken/ other meats/ the likelihood of seafood running out by 2048 is high – not long to make stance Once fisheries collapse 250 million people will have there food supplies threatened 70% of global fisheries are beyond there capacity 90% of large fish in ocean have been fished out 1% of the worlds industrial fishing fleets result in 50% of world catches – what on earth can be done? Mediumistic – blue fin tuna – largely responsible. Also the large fishing trawlers. Global fishing fleets now are 250% larger than the oceans can sustain Only 6% of the worlds oceans are actually protected e. G. Bahamas. We have got areas around news coastline protected. Cog Clove area. 40% of worlds oceans would be natural reserves blue fin tuna is major problem – 6 billion worth of illegal blue fin tuna have been fished over last 20 years. Mediumistic is freezing them. Price of tuna fish on the market is $100,000 – imagine Mediumistic price later Enormous drop in shark species over last 20 years. 5 species have dropped by 50% Tuna catches use massive nets – killing thousands of turtles, sea birds and sharks which Just get dumped back in ocean. 22,000 tones is the legal limit for tuna – currently 60,000 tones. Illegal fishing worth 9 billion a year – 52% of fish stocks are now fully exploited. If we establish exclusion ones for fishin g it is possible that the biodiversity in fish stocks will be able to come back – but will take years Suggested that you check what your eating is sustainable – if not – don’t touch it. Lecture 13 (29/06/14) – High seas belongs to everybody, and can virtually do what you want. UNCLOGS – separates prevention reduction and control on marine pollution from the rules that conserve and manage living resources. Focused on second part – sustainability. Only other convention that protects Is there any convention in the world that controls the fishing of various stocks in the high seas and beyond the continental shelf – NO How to cite Law of Seas Notes, Essays

Nuclear Weapons Scars on the earth Essay Example For Students

Nuclear Weapons: Scars on the earth Essay Sean Anthony PulsiferMrs. Karen YeagerAdvanced Composition 123 December 1999Nuclear Weapons: Scars on the EarthNuclear weapons have a long-lasting and devastating effect on the world for many years after an initial explosion. Fallout from United States atmospheric testing from 1945 to 1963 killed an estimated 70,000 to 800,000 people worldwide. People who have worked in the early nuclear weapons programs have been exposed to significant amounts of radiation (Schwartz 395). When a nuclear weapon goes off, there are four basic types of explosions: air bursts, surface blast, subsurface burst, and high altitude burst. An air burst occurs when a weapon is detonated at a height so the fireball does not reach the surface of the earth (Effects Nuclear Explosions). When the shock wave hits the ground, the first wave will bounce off to create a second wave. When the blast is higher off the ground, the initial shock wave will be weaker, but will effect a larger area (5.0 Effects Nuclear Weapons). By varying the altitude of the explosion, one can change the blast effects, thermal effects, and radiation effects. Although initially radiation will be a hazard, but the fallout hazard will be almost zero. A surface burst occurs when a bomb is detonated on or slightly above the earth. Under these conditions, the fireball will encounter the earth. As opposed to air bursts, fallout can be a hazard (Effects Nuclear Explosions). In a surface blast, the shock wave will trave l better through the ground (5.0 Effects Nuclear Weapons). A subsurface burst occurs when the bomb goes off underneath the land or under the water (Effects Nuclear Explosions).In a subsurface water explosion, water would be what a person would see. In addition, the shock wave a person would see will be carrying up to 5% of the total energy. Waves formed from the blast would be upwards of ten meters high and travel for hundreds of miles. If were to crash into a harbor or estuaries, it would cause massive destruction (Pittock 13). Usually a crater will be the result. A result of a subsurface blast will be very heavy local fallout radiation (Effects Nuclear Explosions). A subsurface bomb will also cut thermal radiation to zero (5.0 Effects Nuclear Weapons). A high altitude burst occurs when the blast is over 30 kilometers high. The fireball from a high altitude burst will be large and travel much faster. The radiation from the blast could travel for hundreds of miles, therefore contaminating a large area. A blast like this could create an intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP) which will destroy anything electronic (Effects Nuclear Explosions). The blast wave is formed from very high temperatures and moves away from the center of the ground-zero. While expanding, the peaks pressure decreases, and the propagation goes down from the supersonic speed. Most of the destruction from a nuclear blast is from the blast effects. The range of the blast will determine the explosive yield of the weapon (5.0 Effects Nuclear Weapons). There are many sources for nuclear radiation such as initial radiation, residual radiation, and fallout. About 5% of all of the energy from a nuclear explosion are in the form of initial radiation. Intensity from the blast will go down very rapidly with distance from the blast, because of the large area fallout will travel. Residual radiation comes in three forms: fission products, unfissioned nuclear material, and neutron-induced activity. There are more than 300 fission products. Most of these have very short half-lives. However, some of them have half-lives that can be month or years. Unfissioned nuclear material would be some uranium or plutonium that does not undergo fission and are dispersed from the explosion. Neutron-induced activity happens when nuclei are exposed to a major change of neutron radiation, thus making them radioactive. A small area around ground-zero would be the most likely candidate for neutron-induced activity. Perhaps one of the most deadly effects of a nuclear blast would be fallout. Fallout comes in three major forms: Worldwide fallout, local fallout, and me teorological effects. Worldwide fallout occurs after a nuclear blast and small particles are drawn up into the atmosphere and will travel by atmospheric winds and settle on the earth. There is a long-term danger of worldwide fallout because of the isotopes strontium-90 and cesium-137, which have a very long half-life. These will enter the body from food that has been contaminated with these two radioactive isotopes. In a surface blast, large amounts of debris will be vaporized by the intense heat of the fireball and be sucked up into the radioactive cloud. By doing this, the material will become radioactive and fall back to the earth as local fallout. When a person stays in a contaminated area, they will be affected by radiation. Meteorological effects will effect fallout, most likely local fallout. Some factors from meteorological effects that could accelerate local fallout would be snow and rain (Effects Nuclear Explosions). History Of Unions And Their Relevance In Todays Australian Society EssayA worst case scenario of a nuclear exchange would be a nuclear winter. A nuclear winter occurs when a bomb goes off, causing dust to fly up and block out the sun light. The worst case of nuclear winter would be a Case 9. This would occur when three-quarters of each superpowers weapons are shot off instantaneously, although this is unlike to happen. The results of this would be horrific. In a 10,000 MT (mega-ton) case, the air temperature world wide would be lowered to about -53oF for several months (Child 64,68). One of the main effects of nuclear war on the biosphere would be fire. The fires can be classified into three groups lower, upper, and underground. The lower group would consist of moss, grass, forest litter, and fallen branches. These types of fires would be the most widespread. The upper group is made up of trees, and the grass cover of the soil. In an underground fire, most of what is being burned is the tree roots (Svirezhev 33). Fires can also be started indirectly, by means of blast damage. This would be caused by damage caused to gas line, water heaters, and furnaces. However, a significant amount of material must burn for a long period before it would be self-sustaining (Harris 36). After a nuclear war, food supplies would be at a low level Crops would be weaker against fighting diseases, and the temperature change from a possible nuclear winter would kill of some of the crops. As the years would go on, crops would be exploited, causing them to shorten their long-term productivity (Harwell 476-477)Post-war effects would have little effect on the arctic ecosystem because they are used to the cold weather. Plants would most likely go into a dormant state brought upon by the cold weather. This would cause most herbivores to perish because there would simply be not enough food. In fact, some animals could become extinct. The forest ecosystem would be hit the hardest. This ecosystem would have to deal with fire, cold, drought, radiation, and locally high concentration of highly toxic gases. If the attack were to be in the winter, most trees would be in their dormant stage and might be able to withstand these conditions. In the southern regions, trees would not be rea dy for the sudden onslaught of the cold weather. Approximately one to three quarters of the plants would die from the cold weather. In a tropical ecosystem, the effects would be devastating. The temperatures are relatively constant. Precipitation would be reduced from 25%-100% and light levels could be down to just 10%. One other effect would be increased likelihood of increased hurricane activity. Ozone depletions from the ultraviolet-radiation would reach as high as 20%-30% in a short amount of time. UV-B rays can be absorbed by DNA, thereby damaging them beyond repair. Among humans, increased UV-B exposure would lead to skin diseases, eye diseases, and changes in the immune system (Dotto 94-96, 105-106). As of just a few years ago, the United States has been spending over two billion dollars on nuclear weapon projects and programs (Schwartz 588). However, is this nation making the right choice by spending a tremendous amount of money on these programs? The writer of this paper would like to close with a quote: There is no safe level of radiation exposure. So the question is not: What is a safe level? The question is: How great is the Risk? Karl Z. MorganWorks CitedBiological Effects of a Nuclear Explosion. n.pag. On-line. Internet. 28 Nov. 1999. Available WWW: http://209.236.112/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/dod.fm8-9/1ch4.htm. Child, James W. Nuclear War the Moral Dimension. New Brunswick (USA): Social Philosophy and Policy Center and By Transaction, Inc., 1986. Dotto, Lydia. Planet Earth in Jeopardy Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War. Great Britain: John Wiley Sons, 1986. Effects of Nuclear Weapons Section I-General. n.pag. On-line. Internet. 28 Nov. 1999. Available WWW: http://209.207.236.112/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/dod/fm8-9/1ch3.htm. Harris, John B., and Markusen, Eric. Nuclear Weapons and the Threat of Nuclear War. San Diego: Harcourt Brace, Jovanovich, 1986. Harwell, M.A., and Hutchinson T.C. Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War Volume II Ecological and Agricultural Effects. Great Britain: John Wiley Sons, 1986. Langer, Victor and Thomas, Walter. Nuclear War Funbook, The. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982. Note on Nuclear Radiation, A. n.pag. On-line. Internet. 28 Nov. 1999. Available WWW: http://209.207.236.112/nuke/hew/Library/DamagePittock, A. B. et al. Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War Volume I Physical and Atmospheric Effects. Great Britain: John Wiley Sons, 1986. Schwartz, Stephen I. Atomic Audit. Harrisonburg, Virginia: Brookings Institution Press, 1998. Section 5.0 Effects of Nuclear Weapons. n. pag. On-line. Internet. 28 Nov. 1999. Available WWW: http://www.fas.org/nuke/hew/Nwfaq/Nfaq5.html. Svirezhev, Yuri M. Ecological and Demographic Consequences of a Nuclear War. German Democratic Republic: Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985.

Liliana Mongelli Essays - Greek Mythology, Mythology, Fiction

Liliana Mongelli Professor Kenner Writing through Literature 13 December 2017 In Greek mythology there is no god who is more powerful than Zeus. He is the youngest son of Cronus and Rhea, ruler of the Titans. Cronus was told that one of his children would overthrow him, taking control of his kingdom. To be sure this would not happen, Cronus swallowed his first five children: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon. Rhea could not bear to see another one of her children, devoured so she replaced Zeus with a rock wrapped in swaddling. Cronus, thinking he ate Zeus, left Rhea time to leave Zeus in a cave where he was raised by a divine goat, Amaltheia. After Zeus was grown he went back to Cronus with the help of Gaia and Metis, who made an elixir to cause Cronus to vomit his brothers and sisters. Zeus then led the fights against the Titan dynasty. Afterwards they banished the Titans to Tartarus, the lowest place on earth, even lower than the underworld. Zeus and his brothers then drew straws to find who would rule where. Zeus had rule of the sky, Po seidon ruled the seas, and Hades ruled the underw orld. Zeus is the god of law, justice, morals, thunder, lightning, and rain. It was his job to oversee and make sure laws were being kept. He was worshipped originally as a weather god. He was a middle-aged man with a youthful appearance . Like Zeus, Odin is the god of storms and lightning (less so than Thor his son), but in addition has a rather extensive list of attributes to him. He is also the god wisdom, magic, learning, He is generally depicted as an older man with a full beards and long hair, in addition he is general depicted as missing one of his eyes. Odin carries a spear named Gungnir, which cannot miss it's target, this is a parallel to Zeus's lightning bolt. Odin is the son of Bor, son of Buri, who was born from a cow on back of Ymir's the Titan. Like Zeus, Odin is the direct descendant of the Titans, and when Ymir eventually turned evil, Odin and his two brothers killed Ymir in order to create the world o f man and gods alike. Following the creation of the world, the three brothers created human man from drift wood on the shore. A contrast between the Greek and Norse gods is that the Norse gods were smart and had mortal limitations when it came to wisdom. Odin took the limitations and found ways using his might and wit to overcome them and become the most powerful of the Norse gods. In order to achieve more wisdom, Odin sought out the well of Mimir beneath the world tree Yggdrasil and as a sacrifice to the all knowing Mimir he had to cut out his own eye. Odin ha d qualities, like Zeus's ability to shape shift into animal forms, he is capable of commanding animals. Odin has two ravens who are his eyes and ears on the mortal realm, named Hugin and Munin , thought and desire respectively.

Free Essays on Testin In The Medical Field

â€Å"Mandatory Testing In The Medical Field† Should AIDS testing be mandatory in the medical field? Of course it should. In a study done by the Washington Post in 1989, it was found that 5,815 health care workers had AIDS, this included 42 surgeons. It is known that 40 of those 5,815 contracted it through infected patients. Which means when a person goes to the hospital for any reason any one there could have this disease and very easily pass it on to them unknowingly. Is this the kind of risk patients should have to take. Obviously they are there for some type of illness already, do we need to add a more serious one to the list. One way to narrow the risk of contracting AIDS through health care workers using mandatory testing is by having those health care workers who test positive reveal their results to their patients. Some people believe this is a breech of confidentiality. According to Dr. Lonnie Britow, an AMA Trustee in California, â€Å"The implications are different from any other test that can be run†¦ other diseases don’t mean u lose your job and your insurance coverage† (Chicago Tribune, online). Does this mean that a person’s job and insurance coverage is more important than their patient’s lives. There is a case in which a 23 year old women named Kimberly Berghlis contracted AIDS from her dentist, Dr. David Acer. Now because this woman decided to go to Dr. Acer for her dental work she now has AIDS. Is that fair? Of course not. If Dr. Acer would have taken the proper precautions to protect his patients, either by using proper equipment or by revealing his results, this woman may have been able to lead a healthy life. Instead because of his carelessness or even thoughtlessness she was infected with the virus. Another way to narrow the possibility of contacting AIDS through mandatory testing is once known a person has AIDS, they should be limited to certain procedures that they may perform. F... Free Essays on Testin In The Medical Field Free Essays on Testin In The Medical Field â€Å"Mandatory Testing In The Medical Field† Should AIDS testing be mandatory in the medical field? Of course it should. In a study done by the Washington Post in 1989, it was found that 5,815 health care workers had AIDS, this included 42 surgeons. It is known that 40 of those 5,815 contracted it through infected patients. Which means when a person goes to the hospital for any reason any one there could have this disease and very easily pass it on to them unknowingly. Is this the kind of risk patients should have to take. Obviously they are there for some type of illness already, do we need to add a more serious one to the list. One way to narrow the risk of contracting AIDS through health care workers using mandatory testing is by having those health care workers who test positive reveal their results to their patients. Some people believe this is a breech of confidentiality. According to Dr. Lonnie Britow, an AMA Trustee in California, â€Å"The implications are different from any other test that can be run†¦ other diseases don’t mean u lose your job and your insurance coverage† (Chicago Tribune, online). Does this mean that a person’s job and insurance coverage is more important than their patient’s lives. There is a case in which a 23 year old women named Kimberly Berghlis contracted AIDS from her dentist, Dr. David Acer. Now because this woman decided to go to Dr. Acer for her dental work she now has AIDS. Is that fair? Of course not. If Dr. Acer would have taken the proper precautions to protect his patients, either by using proper equipment or by revealing his results, this woman may have been able to lead a healthy life. Instead because of his carelessness or even thoughtlessness she was infected with the virus. Another way to narrow the possibility of contacting AIDS through mandatory testing is once known a person has AIDS, they should be limited to certain procedures that they may perform. F...

Business and Society

Social sustainability in businesses provides a petitive landscape as today being sustainable is more than an environmental gesture that makes sense for the long term. The panies are set up in the social context such that they are not only supported by a large number of stakeholders but also prises of managing people as well as organizing activities (Bowden 2013). As far as I think, the pany Coca Cola gives the best response to social sustainability as it is going far too as much with 98% of pliance level achievement with human rights policy when it es to managing people at the workplace (Coca-Cola pany 2015). Social sustainability takes in notion the responsibility of the actions that are considered to get a worldwide view of globalization, culture, and munities. When a pany is termed to be, socially ideal then that means it has been selling more products than the other products and has known to be reputable as well as respectful but alternatively is mitigating more risk (Gilbert 2015). However, I think here we are talking about multinational corporations like Wesfarmers, Rio Tinto, Woolworths Limited, National Australia Bank, etc. Nevertheless, ignoring social sustainability can invite issues like human rights as well as future liabilities. I had read recently about the mining industry in Australia where the people working in the industry, as well as people living near big mining projects, are facing issues in health. As a result, the industry has been facing plications in stakeholder management and good governance across environments. Not to mention, we cannot ignore the inhumane treatment that the employers are facing in the mining industry with a fair working wage. It's thereby time to put an end to social irresponsibility and to show a c old shoulder to the injustices taking place. One more example that es to my mind on the issue of sustainability that is apparel panies which have outsourced it manufacturing (weak unit) to Bangladesh. As a result, what happened is that after the collapse of Rana Plaza, they were looking for PR cover, which made the issues prominent in the eyes of media. However, I do not know why panies do not realize that this is increasing their liabilities. The integrity of the worker is not ensured in a pany where they do not flip these liabilities into assets like job security, high wages and safe working conditions for the former and checking the safety and pest contamination through special training to the latter (Rice 2013). Consumers, on the other hand, are on the view that they will entertain only those products whose panies care about environmental and social impact. One of the affluent example could be of the tobacco pany in India known by ITC has involved corporate social responsibilities through social issues like skill building vocational training to enhance employability and generate livelihoods for persons from disadvantaged sections of society (Itcportal 2016). Maintaining social responsibility across the panies has never been easier because as rightly said by Rice (July 2013), nothing can help in practicing social sustainability whether it is right information or right collaborators in the firm. However, the scenario has changed and panies reviews various initiatives for the sustainability model that yields experiences and similarity in goals but the most important issue that are dealt is social injustice, poverty, and opportunity for all that is denied, even for the workers working in the mining industry in Australia. However, if social sustainability is considered a long-term collaboration in any businesses then why it is still a poor strategic response and not a munity engagement everywhere? Although, there are panies like ITC and Coca-Cola Limited that are promoting corporate sustainability but others are only providing recognition of the need to manage social risk in business.   The professional career is often dependent on the cultural language, economic and social nuances of particular families and people. Cultural petence creates opportunities while working in a professional environment. It is based on the society (Caligiuri 2013). According to my personal review, it is seen that schools are culturally diverse when it es to speaking or learning languages or understanding culture's importance at each level. However, during our school times in the school curriculum we had learned of different languages that not only added to our knowledge but also helped in identifying its importance while experiencing professionalism today. This explains cultural petence adds values as well as the strength by making the person well equipped while conveying culturally petent care (National Association of Social Workers 2016). When it es to analysing the professional environment, the culture identifies to meet the leaders who are not culturally diversified or qualified are not able to meet the changing needs of professionalism. Culturally diversified populations like Hispanics, the African-American and Asian people in the growing business scenario in America have been creating issue for the local panies as they are not able to meet their client base and are losing business in the long run as opined by a senior executive in the financial sector in America (Llopis 2011). Cultural understanding rather lack of cultural understanding, on the other hand, elaborates the weal environment at the workplace. During my personal job experience as a tele caller in one of the panies where diversification in language is important, but people never used to survive as a telecaller for long as they could not cope up with the changed languages. As a result, people started leaving the job because the workplace demanded this criterion but did not support in learning because many cultures cannot be developed at the same time. Moreover, it happens that our culture does not match the professionalism used in the workplace. However, during an interview when two candidates with the same qualification are peting, the only deciding factor remains is cultural petence. Lack of culture awareness whether it is related to clarity, relevance, reality, consistency or time for adjustments results in obstructing results in the professional career (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). Wheneve r we see any news or get to know anything about different culture, we try to imbibe it because today culture is not limited to social life but to our thinking, even that reflects our nature. In a way, people's knowledge of stereotypes of different cultures has resulted in judgmental behaviour as well as ethnocentrism. Today, problems depict that there is an essential lack of understanding about people especially teenagers and the young adult who illustrate to prove that they know about people's culture and beliefs. Although, learning is important because that highlights that there is the basic understanding of standards between cultures (Sarah 2016). Cultural understanding of knowledge can be distinguished from others depending on the specific gestures, facial expressions as well as body language. However, it is important to know that the cultural intelligence of any level can enhance cultural intelligence on basic business etiquettes, which now would want to work, or aspires to work. One should be thinking on its feet all the time to strike the cultural difference, which will not go unnoticed. The other disadvantage of lack of culture understanding highlights the lack of open-mindedness in a life changing experience because when I was small and use to go to parties, my friends used to call me "Gringos" and in the same way, my Turkish friend called me by "White Trash." However, all these ments are annoying but just because I was brought up in an environment where acceptance of worse situation even made you stronger and adaptable to situations. Nevertheless, all these similar activities can result in differences that could negativ ely affect the nature of the person. In addition, ethnic social groups understanding are negatively related to social difficulties (Miller 2016). On the other hand, change in culture could be challenging, as it needs to be learned and used in different solutions. Moreover, only a school can only provide the cultural change at the beginning whether it is needed for external interference or in the case of dramatic purposes. The practical journey of understanding of culture is only possible when one uses these in carrying to achieve the desired goal.   Ethics has been one of the integral issues that every business needs to maintain. Ethics is governed by moral principles and appropriate conduct of the team or an individual in the profession. The rights and wrongs of a person build at an initial stage will help to understand to differentiate between moral principles (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2016). This can be well cited with personal experience. I have two siblings and being the eldest in my family; my parents tell me to be an example in front of my siblings. However, for an instance, if there was any fight between my siblings, I was the one who sorted out such that I used to ask my brother as well as my sister that what the reasons were that led to the fight. However, after listening to both of them, I used to support the one who was not at fault. Moreover, I used to guide them to the right and wrong things that could govern the argument. On the other hand, just as the example cited above from my personal experience states that every human being has different line of ethics irrespective of the reason we wishes to attribute is right or wrong. However, this can be bated when the person oneself questions that whatever activity was done was vitally moral or not. Although, professionally ethical behaviour differentiates the code of good conduct from the other (Durkheim 2013). I could explain this with the help of the movie’s instance in the movie Spiderman, where to bring down Spiderman's position; Eddie falsely takes a Spiderman's snap and performs Photoshop portraying him to be thief who is stealing from a bank. Although, later Peter Parker (Spiderman) when depicts the reality, Eddie Brock is thrown out of Daily Bugle. I cited this example because Eddie Brock was one of the petitors of Peter Parker at the workplace who wanted to put his position down and raise his standard of pliance, for this he gave a wrong stor y with a false document. This kind of unethical behaviour at workplace leads to an understanding of the difference between good or bad especially at work place. The result of unethical behaviour is always bad and may ruin one's life. However, here in this example the professional code of conduct is hampered and is disintegrated by doing wrong things at the workplace and conversely which leads to impacting others (Levy and Salvin 2013). Nonetheless, when it es to ethics for future professional life, I would always want to be directioned towards my goals and should always keep in mind the petencies that I will build up. In this direction, the future employees like me should always follow a path of ethical standards (Siddiqui, 2014). Although there are others as well, who even aspire for goals but follow planned and intended rather illegal ways to reach the top but following the same, if once caught or observed may lead to a drastic fall in career growth. Nevertheless, an importance of ethics in professional life can be evidenced in some instances from the success and failure of the business and business standards whether it is leaking of a confidential document or illegally getting a document sanctioned, falsifying claiming the revenue of other as one own and many others. All these issues need to be checked, and this can only be ensured by ethical standards (Castronovo 2014). This kind of behaviour anywhere will enable to discredit to our profession that we would be practicing. However, we should follow good ethics that always enhances our image when contrasting with the realistic image of the organization by letting our conscience guide us at all times. Albert Schweitzer rightly said, "Ethics is the activity of man directed to secure the inner perfection of his personality" (Siddiqui, 2014).  Ã‚   Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.  Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Bond, C.J. and Kirsch, P., 2015. Vulnerable populations affected by mining: Predicting and preventing outbreaks of physical violence.  The Extractive Industries and Society,  2(3), pp.552-561. Bowden, R. 2013.  The Importance Of Social Sustainability And Your Business. SteamFeed. Caligiuri, P., 2013.  Cultural agility: Building a pipeline of successful global professionals. John Wiley & Sons. Castronovo, R., 2014.  Propaganda 1776: Secrets, Leaks, and Revolutionary munications in Early America. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 2016.  Business ethics: Ethical decision making & cases. Nelson Education. Gilbert, S.D., 2015.  Business Liability and Economic Damages. Business Expert Press.

Accounting Theory (Australia) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting Theory (Australia) - Essay Example Presently, the Japanese Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are recognized by the European Union. The Financial Services Agency of Japan is also working to have common regulations with the International Financial Reporting Standards. The Business Accounting Council has come up with deliberations about the treatment of consolidated financial statement based upon International Financial Reporting Standards within the purview of Japanese Security Exchange Law. This measure has been presumed as the regulatory response of Japan as it involves the treatment of IFRS based consolidated financial statement prepared by issuers of both, Japan as well as foreigners, to be listed in the Japanese market. Japan and other Asian countries should participate more into the regulatory authorities for their own benefit. Their valuable presence in the committees would voice their needs and requirements. Presently, the Accounting Standard Board of Japan is trying to build up consensus over various financial regulatory issues among the Asian economies. Among the various regulatory issues, BASEL reforms have been very crucial for the transformation of the banking sector. It has been observed that there have been certain issues in terms of compliance of BASEL norms in Japan. The financial disorder prevalent in the last decade and the continuous postponement of resolution of non – performing loan (NPL) hindered compliance with the BASEL standards in Japan along with propagating political intervention in the economy of Japan that considerably hampered bank regulations. Today, it is almost certain in the periphery of the financial regulations that IFRS would make way for GAAP in due course of time as it has already adopted by European Union. Japan should focus more on accounting standards of IFRS rather than that of GAAP to be in line with the

Research Log Book Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Log Book - Research Paper Example It is also important to note that every new inventor of phonographs had their own distinguished motives attached to their inventions (Sterne, 2003). Where Berliner wanted to investigate aesthetic possibilities, Edison wanted to use it for educational and social purposes. So, the sound reproduction machines actually transformed into hearing machines that cultural and social values attached to them. From their onwards, there has been a continuous advancement in the given field. The first intended purpose of phonautographs was to produce sound on the paper i.e. create documents of sound’s frequency that can be read by humans instead of machines (Feaster, 2010). Later on, the same principle was used to recreate sounds. Personal analysis of this phenomenon of sound recreation helped in understanding that sound reproduction actually undermines the social process of sound creation. We are surrounded by machines in the form of amplifiers, roofer, hi-fi sonic systems, musical recording s that just reproduce the sounds burnt into optical discs. However, this burning of sound into disc not only put an end to a learning process that was a by-product of sound production on a paper but also fails to illustrate the actual experience of first production of sound. In addition to that, the essence of original sound is already lost too. The sound of music and speech that we hear every day in the compact storage devices is already tempered and edited. Therefore, the user of sound does not have access to the real sound. The only replication of real sound that is available these days is in the form of real-time radio. Although radio itself as a medium does not follow the principles of phonautographs however electronic devices used to play these radio channels do follow simple rules of sound reproduction. Hence, phonautographs do exist in 21st century as well but real sound is not in the reach of many of us. Second Entry: The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Argument prese nted by Elizabeth Eisenstein illustrated the revolution in printing after the advent of typography. Although her selected time period and regional studies are rather limited and her analysis cannot be applied on general European and Asian literature however it does illustrate the transformation that medieval literature went through after revolution in printing press. More than Eisenstein, McLuhan appears to be a strong advocate of use of technology in preservation and dissemination of literature (Leed, 1982). McLuhan recognizes the importance of technological advancements for literature and believes in modification of typographic culture under the influence of electronic media. Where print helped in brining oral speech to a visual space, use of electronic medium is allowing this visual space to be at readily available for human use irrespective of time and space (Eisenstein, 1979). I personally use kindle for reading books which would have been impossible to carry with me otherwise. Eisenstein believes that most of the literature uses stereotypes and cliches for reproduction of literature and continuous reproduction can have an effect of reinforcement on those who have access to this frequently referenced literature (Odin, 1997). Hence, it can be said that emergence of printing press paved ways for more technological adv

Knowledge Management Essay Example for Free

Knowledge Management Essay It involves applying the collective knowledge and abilities of the entire workforce to achieve specific organizational objectives. State agencies should feel free to adapt and use information and tools on the following pages as necessary within their organization. It is provided to be a starting point for sharing knowledge and experience, allowing those who remain with the organization to continue providing quality service. Capturing and sharing critical knowledge and expertise should be occurring continuously among employees. In many cases, however, it is not and this need becomes pressing when a valued employee is preparing to retire or change positions. When an organization is considering implementing a knowledge transfer plan it is important to answer several questions: 1. Is the organization going to fill the vacant position or reassign the duties? 2. Are all the duties of the position still important to the mission of the organization? 3. Is there a need to update the position description? 4. Will the position change, remain as is, or be eliminated once the employee leaves? What is knowledge transfer? David DeLong’s book â€Å"Lost Knowledge† describes knowledge as the â€Å"capacity for effective actions or decision-making in the context of organizational activity†. Accordingly, lost knowledge would decrease this vital capacity and help undermine organizational effectiveness and performance. The goal of transferring knowledge to others [known as Knowledge Transfer] is to: 1. Identify key positions and people where potential knowledge loss is most imminent. 2. Assess how critical the knowledge loss will be. Develop a plan of action to ensure the capture of that critical knowledge and a plan of action to transfer it. Why is knowledge transfer important? A significant percentage of the state’s workforce is nearing retirement age over the next ten years. These employees have acquired a tremendous amount of knowledge about how things work, how to get things done and who to go to when problems arise. Losing their expertise and experience could significantly reduce efficiency, resulting in costly mistakes, unexpected quality problems, or significant disruptions in services and/or performance. In addition, faster turnover among younger employees and more competitive recruiting and compensation packages add significantly to the mounting concern about the state’s ability to sustain acceptable levels of performance. What are the benefits of a knowledge transfer program? Knowledge transfer [KT] programs prevent critical knowledge loss by focusing on key areas. Some of the immediate benefits of KT programs are: 1. They provide reusable documentation of the knowledge required in certain positions or job roles. 2. They result in immediate learning and knowledge transfer when carried out by individuals who can either use the transferred knowledge themselves or have responsibility for hiring, training, mentoring, coaching or managing people within an organizational unit. 3. They reduce the impact of employee departure. 4. They integrate staffing, training, job and organization redesign, process improvements and other responses. 5. They aid in succession planning. 6. They prevent the loss of knowledge held only in employees’ heads when they leave the organization or retire. They enhance career development. Generally Accepted Definitions for Knowledge Management and Transfer Knowledge Management (KM) refers to practices used by organizations to find, create, and distribute knowledge for reuse, awareness, and learning across the organization. Knowledge Management programs are typically tied to organizational objectives and are intended to lead to the achievement of specific outcomes such as shared intelligence, improved performance, or higher levels of innovation. Knowledge Transfer (an aspect of Knowledge Management) has always existed in one form or another through on-the-job discussions with peers, apprenticeship, and maintenance of agency libraries, professional training and mentoring programs. Since the late twentieth century, technology has played a vital role in Knowledge Transfer through the creation of knowledge bases, expert systems, and other knowledge repositories. To understand knowledge management and knowledge transfer, it is helpful to examine the differences between data, information, and knowledge. Data is discrete, objective facts. Data is the raw material for creating information. By itself, data carries no judgment, interpretation or meaning. Information is data that is organized, patterned and/or categorized. It has been sorted, analyzed and displayed, and is communicated through various means. Information changes the way a person perceives something, thus, affecting judgment or behavior. Knowledge is what is known. It is richer and more meaningful than information. Knowledge is gained through experience, reasoning, intuition, and learning. Because knowledge is intuitive, it is difficult to structure, can be hard to capture on machines, and is a challenge to transfer. We often speak of a knowledgeable person, and by that we mean someone who is well informed, and thoroughly versed in a given area. We expand our knowledge when others share theirs with us. We create new knowledge when we pool our knowledge together.

The No Child Left Behind Act and Educational Technology Essay -- essay

The No Child Left Behind Act and Educational Technology Overview of Act: What it entails The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act has become a large, nationwide issue, since President George Bush signed it into law on January 8, 2002, giving the schools the responsibility to keep every student’s academic achievement at a passing level. (Florida Department of Education; 2003; pg. 1) Each state had twelve years to have all students proficient in reading and math, which gave each state less than a year to create a plan. (Kim & Sunderman; 2004; pg. 19) Title I, which is included in this act, began in 1965 when the Elementary and Secondary Education Act was passed, which gave federal funds to help academically struggling students. (North Carolina Department of Education; 2004; pg. 1) The main purpose of the No Child Left Behind Act is to use state achievement tests to be sure that all children have an equal opportunity to be exposed to high-level education. A standard called Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) was created to measure how each school district is attempting ens ure equal opportunities for all of their students. This standard is measured by race, english proficiency, socioeconomic status, and disability. (Florida Department of Education; 2003; pg.1) Overview of Act: Requirements According The No Child Left Behind Act, ninety-five percent of students in each school district must participate in the yearly state assessment program to make AYP. Each state may set annual goals which the school districts must strive for and must demonstrate one percent improvement each year. Each high school must also show a one percent increase in the number of graduates each year. In the state of Florida, each school district must ha... ...rom http://www.newsday.com/news/local/wire/ny-bc-ct--nochild0419apr19,0,7954181.story Discusses Utah's new state law that will be followed rather than the No Child Left Behind Act. Loh, Laura. (2005, April 13). For poorest pupils, access to tutoring. Baltimore Sun. Loh, Laura. (2005, April 19). U.S. education secretary continues campaign for ‘No Child’ changes. Baltimore Sun. http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/education/bal-md.spellings19apr19,1,198082.story Spellings speech given in Baltimore about the No Child Left Behind Act. McCarthy, Sheryl. (2005, March 28). Don’t stop now it testing teachers. Newsday. http://www.newsday.com/news/opinion/ny-opmcc284193734mar28,0,1426782.column Discussion of teachers certification testing. The Associated Press. (2005, April 20). Details of No Child Left Behind Lawsuit. Baltimore Sun.

Anti Natal Care Health Service Health And Social Care Essay

Anti natal attention is one of the of import wellness services provided by ministry of wellness for long clip. It is provided by primary attention centres which are distributed along the sultanate. In add-on, secondary and third attention centres are lending to this service by following up complicated instances and those with co-morbid conditions like bosom disease and diabetes mellitus. Pregnant ladies are provided booking green card for follow up boulder clay bringing. Pregnancy is physiological procedure that is associated with some conditions and affected by others like anaemia, diabetes and fleshiness ( 1-6 ) . These status are common in our state ( 7 ) . Besides the result of the gestation is affected by other factors like grade of blood kinship and familial diseases like reaping hook cell anaemia and thalassaemia which are besides common. ( 8,9 ) . The result of the gestation can be improved by go toing pre matrimonial guidance and pre construct guidance which are besides provided by primary attention centres. So our purpose is to place some ANC jobs in the community and seek to undertake them earlier e.g. Anemia, blood kinship, prenuptial and prepossession guidance by analysing the information given at ANC booking collected at third infirmary ( khoula infirmary ) in Muscat, Oman Method: Consequences: Our survey came up with a batch of consequences that we can utilize them to better the prenatal attention. It is demoing that more than 2/3rd of the clients are in their 3rd decennaries and about 1/4th are in 4th decennary. Merely 2 % are above 40 old ages and 4 % are below 20 old ages. Besides the hubbies are chiefly distributed in 3rd and 4th decennaries with similar per centum in each decennary. Around 61 % of the clients complete their secondary school, 11 % are holding advanced instruction and merely 6 % are illiterate ( see fig. ( ) . Besides merely 27 % of them are employers compared to 88 % of their hubbies are employers. Most of our clients presented for their engagement before 13 hebdomads of gestation with per centum of 67 % and 14 % presented before 28 hebdomads of gestation. Sing past medical history, 13 clients claimed to hold including 6 holding diabetes and 3 holding high blood pressure but bulk of them holding household history of diabetes, high blood pressure and ca rdiovascular disease 48, 30 and 7 patients severally. Besides more than half of the clients are holding unnatural organic structure mass index ( BMI ) and merely 42 % holding normal BMI and 11 % holding low BMI. Around have of patients are related and half of these are holding foremost degree blood kinship. On the other manus, merely 5 % had prenuptial guidance and 8 % had pre construct guidance. About 2/3rd did non utilize contraceptive method before their gestation and most of those who used contraceptive method they have used other traditional contraceptive method followed by injection and so combined unwritten preventives, 11, 8 and 7 patients severally. Merely 1/4th of our patients did non be after their gestation and 13 % became pregnant while utilizing contraceptive method. Most of the clients are either gravida I or holding gravid less than 5, 44 and 41 clients severally. 30 clients reported old gestational complications including 23 maternal, 16 fetal and 9 combined complic ations.those who have aneima ( hemoglobin & A ; lt ; 11 ) at booking histories for 26 % of the entire sample. The bi-variant analysis besides demoing some of import consequences. First, there is association between gestational age at engagement and both business and degree of instruction but it is non important i.e. employers and those holding high degree of instruction nowadays earlier with ( Fisher ‘s exact = 0.166 ) and ( 0.750 ) severally. There is important association between degree of instruction and para, i.e platinum with higher degree of instruction holding low para with ( Fisher ‘s exact =0.009 ) . Besides this survey is demoing that there is important association between figure of para and degree of haemoglobin and old gestational complications with ( Pr = 0.004 and Fisher ‘s exact = 0.000 ) severally. i.e higher para is associated with old gestational complications and low haemoglobin. However there is no association between para and high blood pressure. We can besides reason that there is non-significant association between fleshiness and each of old cesarean subdivision, diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure with ( Fisher ‘s exact = 0.149, 0.423 and 0.606 ) severally. Discussion As we saw in the consequences that bulk of the patient are in their 3rd and 4th decennaries severally. It non surprising as we know that Oman is one of the developing states and is holding pyramidic distribution of its population and bulk of them are immature. So as effects, we are seeing that 44 % of the clients are primigravida and 41 % are holding gravida between 2 and 5 which besides can be related to patients & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢ business position every bit good. . Besides the fact that 4 % of our patient are younger than 20 old ages, can be explained by first, procedure of instruction and we saw that around 2/3rd of our patient completed secondary school and normally by age of 18 old ages. Second, increased consciousness among the population which is besides can be contributed to wellness instruction provided by ministry of wellness. Third, employment position, although merely around 1/4th of our patients are employed. besides can be explained by complexness of life, that is the males are now acquiring more troubles to acquire married in early age, they have to analyze and so to work and eventually to afford everything in order to hold a household. We besides see about 6 % of our patient are illiterate, this is high figure despite the availabity of free instruction. The bulk of patients hubbies are working and this is traveling with world here in our state that is the hubbies are working outside and the female parents are taking attention of their houses and kids. As we mentioned that bulk of the clients presented for booking earlier 13 hebdomads of age, there is non-significant association with both degree of instruction and position of employment i.e. employers and educated female parents are showing earlier for booking. This all together can be related to increase consciousness of importance of prenatal attention and follow up and close propinquity of primary wellness attention centres. As Medical status can impact the gestation, we noticed that 6 % of our clients are holding DM and 3 % holding high blood pressure. This is low compared to the prevalence of these conditions in general population which is 11.6 and 33. ( 7 ) this can be explained by low sample size and larger size is needed to demo such prevalence and because of immature population in our sample.. On the other manus, we noticed a batch of patients are holding household history of diabetes, high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Despite the high prevalence of familial diseases like reaping hook cell anaemia, thalassaemia, ( 8,9 ) merely really few patients are go toing pre-marital and pre construct guidance. Besides, half of them are holding blood kinship and 1/4th are holding 1st degree blood kinship. So these are some of the jobs that need a batch of attempts to be tackled in order to hold healthy persons and to avoid passing a batch of moneys in handling such conditions. This can be done thr ough increasing the consciousness of such guidance, promote people to go to prenuptial guidance. Besides pre-conception guidance is of import to place patients who are at high hazard of acquiring gestation, acquire control of their medical conditions if they have like diabetes, high blood pressure, epilepsy and bronchial asthma and supply addendums like folic acid and if anaemic they need ferric sulfate. Sing contraceptive method, we know that ministry of wellness are making great occupation in supplying this service in primary attention centres. In 1994 and prior to get downing birth spacing in Oman, the prophylactic prevalence rate was of 12.7 % and in 1995, this prevalence increased to 28 % . ( 10 ) But in our survey less than 1/3rd of the clients have used contraceptive method before their gestation. This can be due to the undermentioned grounds. First, 44 % are primigravida.second, deficiency of consciousness. Third, the clients may experience shy in describing contraceptive method usage and methods to the nurses while acquiring the green cards. Besides 11 % coverage usage of other traditional methods of contraceptive method, which is the frequent method, used in our sample and for this ground we are seeing the higher failure rate of 13 % . The Numberss of old complications are high in our sample and it is significantly associated with figure of para, the higher the para means higher rate of complications. Besides it is known that most of the gestational complications are associated with organic structure mass index. ( 1-6 ) this what we found in our he-man, that there is non-significant association between BMI and old cesarean subdivision ( CS ) , so AS BMI increase the patient is more likely to hold CS which besides found in another surveies. ( 2,3,5,6 ) as we see in the consequences, around half of the sample patients are holding high BMI, so this will set them at hazard of complications. On the other manus there are patient with low BMI and besides this will them under the hazard. So malnutrition is another job in our state that should be tackled. Besides the bi-variant analysis is demoing that BMI is non-significantly associated with high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus. So as BMI increase the hazard of holdin g high blood pressure and diabetes besides increase. Anemia in our sample is about 26 % which is low compared to 2006 index ( 11 ) and compared to another survey done at sharqia part ( 12 ) . Besides we noticed that there is important association between anaemia and figure of para i.e. lady with higher figure of para is more likely to hold anaemia. This expected physiological response, because the maternal organic structure is ever fring and in demands for Fe as consequence of frequent gestation, blood loss during deliver and increase demand during breastfeeding. Restrictions: Our survey has several restrictions. First, little sample size and that is because the period of informations aggregation was short. 2nd, it is done in third attention where many complicated instances are referred. Third, the random choice of the patient was non computing machine based. Decisions Form the survey ; we noticed some common jobs which need to be tackled like malnutrition, low contraceptive method usage, high blood kinship rate, illiteracy and anaemia. Besides we can reason that there is important association between figure of para and all of degree of instruction, anaemia and old complications.

Natural Law theory Essay

With reference to other aspects of human experience, explore the claim that Natural Law theory is irrelevant. Justify your answer. [15] Natural Law is becoming more irrelevant due to our secular culture. Natural Law depends on the belief that the world was designed by a creator, and that morality is absolute according to his standards. Aquinas assumes that all men must seek to worship God. What about an atheist? According to Thompson, if someone does not believe in God, then â€Å"the natural law theory loses its foundation.† Furthermore, in today’s society natural law has largely been replaced by utilitarianism, the belief that our moral choices are less absolute and should be based on creating the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people. It has even been referred to as, â€Å"the ethics of the planet.† It is far less restrictive and many argue it is a superior philosophy to natural law. According to Peter Mullen, Working with Morality, it may be necessary, for example, to torture an innocent person to save the lives of thousands. Peter Singer once wrote a piece condemning natural law in a magazine called Project Syndicate. He prefers practical ethics to theoretical ethics. He cites the case of a South American woman called Beatriz who was pregnant and suffers from lupus, this made the pregnancy difficult. Furthermore, the child had anencephaly. Singer was enraged that the natural law philosophy of Catholic El Salvador prevented her from getting an abortion. He wrote with regard to natural law, â€Å"The use of the term â€Å"being with a rational nature† is very broad, perhaps too broad.† Even the Pope has recently condoned the breaking of natural law in extreme circumstances. Pope Francis has indicated that women exposed to the Zika virus may be permitted to use contraception to avoid pregnancy, in a departure from Catholic teaching. His comments came as women in South America frantically try to terminate pregnancies for fear of giving birth to babies with microcephaly, which gives them unusually small heads. He said that unlike abortion, â€Å"avoiding pregnancy is not an absolute evil† and in certain circumstances it may be â€Å"the lesser evil†. This proves that natural law is becoming irrelevant even for the Catholic Church. Among more orthodox thinkers, objection to the natural law takes several forms. Many, Protestant evangelicals in particular, presume that natural-law thinking fails to take seriously the condition of human sin and places misguided trust in the powers of human reason debilitated by the Fall. Consequently, natural-law theory is thought to be insufficiently Christocentric and located outside the realm of grace, thereby engendering a version of works-righteousness. These critics remain sceptical out of a concern that natural law is autonomous and somehow external to the centre of theological ethics and God’s providential care of the world. On the other hand, many would argue that natural law is not irrelevant because it is instinctual within all humans. Some believe that God has implanted the natural law as a form of moral instinct. For example, the writer Johannes Teutonicus said that the natural law of men is based on an, â€Å"instinct proceeding from reason.† Therefore even if one is an atheist you cannot escape the urge to follow natural law based on your conscience. Finally, Natural Law continues to be central to Catholic teaching. Early teachers such as Aquinas supported it and so do modern day clergy. The RCC believes that everyone is subject to it from birth (natio), because it contains only those duties which are derivable from human nature itself, and because, absolutely speaking, its essentials can be grasped by the unaided light of human reason. Just recently in March 2015 Archbishop Salvatore Cordileone of San Francisco has invoked the natural law in stressing the moral unacceptability of gay sex and gay marriage.

Botic Essays - Systems Ecology, Ecosystem, Biogeochemical Cycle

Botic Essays - Systems Ecology, Ecosystem, Biogeochemical Cycle Botic Option 1: Ecosystem Components Paper Select a representative natural ecosystem in your area or one that you are interested in?such as a lake, preserve, or park?that is managed for native species. ?Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper explaining the following: oThe major structural and functional dynamics (processes) of that ecosystem including change over time oHow humans may have affected biogeochemical cycles in that ecosystem, including impacts to the nitrogen, phosphorus, or carbon cycle oHow knowledge about that ecosystem?s structure and function can help or has helped to develop plans for its management and restoration oThe implication of species interactions in ecosystem management and restoration ?Include two outside references. ?Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Option 2: Ecosystem Components Video and Summary Select a representative natural ecosystem in your area or one that you are interested in?such as a lake, preserve, or park?that is managed for native species. ?Shoot a 7- to 10-minute video chronicling the following: oThe major structural and functional dynamics (processes) of that ecosystem including change over time oHow humans may have affected biogeochemical cycles in that ecosystem, including impacts to the nitrogen, phosphorus, or carbon cycle oHow knowledge about that ecosystem?s structure and function can help or has helped to develop plans for its management and restoration oThe implication of species interactions in ecosystem management and restoration ?Conduct research on the natural ecosystem you selected or interview natural resource management staff or other expert personnel. ?Write a 200- to 300-word summary of your video describing your approach to this assignment. ?Edit and format your video for flow.

Substance abuse among the older adult Research Paper

Substance abuse among the older adult - Research Paper Example Drugs prescription is one of the commonly abused substances, and led to the death of most elderly persons. Older adults who are affected by this abuse are seen with negative effects. Some of them were not given treatment and remained untreated until they die. Thus, this paper seeks to investigate how services and facilities--designed to at least save the patients from death--are delivered. Further, this paper identifies commonly abused substances and their effects. Commonly Abused Substances 1.1 Alcohol Alcohol use among older adults is not rare as it is one of the causes of severe diseases to them. In the United States, there is an approximately 2.5 million older adults that have been found out to be alcohol drinkers, and 21 percent of hospitalized adults aged of over 40 have been diagnosed of alcoholism (Blow, 1999). Not only older men have been found to be alcohol drinkers but also women, and became more dependent to alcohol. Myers et al. (1984 as cited in Blow, 1999) stated that older men are more inclined to alcohol drinking than older women. Dependency on alcohol becomes a serious problem but is not given proper attention and treatment. Older adults, who drink alcohol whether in a binge or heavy manner, have seen to have negative psychological and emotional experiences. Alcohol drinkers can be of two classifications, binge drinkers and heavy drinkers as far as the frequency of alcohol intake is concerned. Blow (1999) further stated that binge drinkers are those people who drink alcohol occasionally like once per week while heavy drinkers consume alcohol as often as daily or five drinks per week (p. 22). However, no matter what the frequency is, the problem still lies on the alcohol dependency among older adults. Alcohol, as a substance, is being abused by elder men and women and strikingly became leading causes of fatal diseases like cancer, diabetes, and liver illnesses. 1.2 Cigarette and Tobacco Cigarette and tobacco are widespread in the whole world an d have been taking its rank to the top place of most deadly substances. These substances are known to be the leading cause of lung cancer. Not only younger people are likely to get deadly diseases but most especially the older ones, as their body are not that strong in terms of immunity. Most deaths in the United States were driven by tobacco smoking and are increasing every year. One out of every five Americans died because of their excessive tobacco use. In addition, survey indicates that the number of older adults who use tobacco or cigarette have declined after reaching the age of 65 and over (Blow, 1999, p. 25). Although the number has sharply decreased, actually this does not mean that the problem with smoking was eradicated. 1.3 Drugs Older adults in their dawning age are likely to intake drugs which are intended to cure their sickness, but a large number of them have been found out to use drugs not prescribed by physicians. This contributes to the aggravating cases of substa nce abuse, and must be brought to a greater concern. In addition, the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment found out that in the year 2000, 25-28 percent of older adults used a psychoactive medication, and 20 percent took a tranquilizer on a daily basis (Blow, 2002 as cited in Yoshida, 2006). Further, illicit drugs are also widespread anywhere in the globe. According to Jinks and Raschko (1990 as cited in Yoshida, 2006) prescription drug abuse has reached an average percentage ranging from 30 percent to

FINANCIAL REPORTING & ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

FINANCIAL REPORTING & ANALYSIS - Essay Example counting standards include a constant approach towards solving of problems and do not present a sequence of ad hoc reactions that deal with the accounting issues. The main function of the framework is to support the International Accounting Standard Board in the progress of consistent and coherent accounting standards. The conceptual model is not referred to a standard, although it directs in the preparation of financial statement in order to facilitate them to determine accounting issues. It is an extremely influential and important document which helps the users to understand the function as well as the limitation of the financial reporting (Ruppel, 2010). The conceptual framework is an existing subject because it is being amended as a combined project with the International Accounting Standard Board’s American Counterparts; the FASB (Financial Accounting Standard Board). However, the conceptual framework is being criticised for not accomplishing its functional goals, mainly that of offering a base for directing standard-setting and resolving accounting arguments. The main rationale behind this project is to highlight the criticism of financial accounting and problems with prevailing conceptual framework. The aims of universal purpose financial reports are also taken into consideration. The purpose of the theoretical/conceptual framework is to build up an enhanced framework which offers a sound base for developing the future accounting models. Such a structure is crucial in fulfilling the Board’s objective of developing benchmarks that are value based, internally reliable, and that show the way to the financial reporting; which gives the information to the capital providers who requires to make judgments in their capability as wealth providers. Moreover, the new Financial Accounting Standard Board framework will be constructed on the prevailing framework (Fasb, 2014). Although the prevailing conceptual framework has assisted the International Accounting

Research paper. Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

. Project - Research Paper Example When relating this to personal life, it is evident that the world created a lot of pollution that has resulted in climatic changes. However, with the induction of such businesses, the world has been recording impressive performance in regard to pollution. As a matter of fact, this has heightened the activities which are geared towards improving the world. This has taught people that they can have different approaches in accomplishing their missions. For example, many businesses have enhanced their sustainability though they are engaging in society responsibility. Similarly, it has taught people to embrace better ways of production while reducing pollution and environmental hazards. The most common business formation in the recent times is the Benefit Corporation. This is a business that is formed by entities whose first objective is not to realize financial profits but to fulfil ethical goals such as transparency and accountability. These businesses are formed to consider the good of the society as well as the environment. Benefit corporations have redefined what is considered as being a successful company in the present climate that supports transparent and ethical business practices. With such preparations, the corporation is likely to reflect a positive impact on the community and the society (Pakroo 12). In terms of the impact on society, a benefit corporation is accountable to general public and issues an annual benefit report. The consumers and the general public then use the results of the corporation to determine if the benefit company has had a positive impact on its society (Lyons 10). After these, the public has to agree or disagree if there has been positive impact on the community. On the other hand, there has been formation of the low profit limited liability corporations in the world. This type of business aims to limit the gap between for-profit business and non-profit business entities. There are some businesses that are solely formed make prof its, while others are formed without any interest in realizing profits. However, low profit limited liability companies have structured investments in an environment that is socially beneficial. Consequentially, they factor benefits of profitability while complying with the revenue collecting bodies which reinforce the national government's revenue generation while also functioning in the capacity of debt collectors. The only difference is that, L3c’s do not seek to consolidate their revenue. Therefore, they will work under the legal frame work and tax acceptance to run the businesses. Most of these corporations rely on market positions, branding, and the positivity accrued from social enterprising methods such as advertising. There are a number of reasons for formation of these corporations. First, there are limited numbers of companies that are formed solely to provide social benefits. Therefore, there is a limited supply of such services, yet, they are vital in running an economy. Apparently, most companies are formed for the sole purpose of realizing profits. As such, they will maximise their revenue and not participate in activities that bring social benefits to the society. Therefore, supporting the formation of such companies is of greater benefit to the society (Lyons 9). So, they will be able to benefit from the products and services of these upcoming companies. Without such an approach, it is possible that there will be no social

Integrated Management System and Processes (IMSP) Case Study

Integrated Management System and Processes (IMSP) - Case Study Example After detail deliberation with his present team and personal efforts Roberge has enlisted following main characteristics and challenges required to be address by the proposed Information System Management and Process (IMSP) project a. The project is required to be an enterprise level thoroughly integrated solution developed in ABC software. b. The solution is required to stream line the enterprise wide accounting, finance, human resource management, sales and marketing operation to give the higher management a real time proactive decision support. c. Roberge is a seasoned manager and fully understand the management vision of the IMSP. He knows, â€Å"A properly designed DSS is an interactive software-based system intended to help decision makers in compiling useful information from raw data, documents, personal knowledge, business models, etc., to identify and solve problems and make decisions. (Howlett, Lakhmi & Shaun, 31). IMSP is required to support all the functionalities of an enterprise level corporate Decision Support System (DSS). e. Finding and deploying experienced, skilled and technically sound professionals is respective slots is first and foremost important decision and the success of the whole project rests over the formulation of effective and proficient team. (ii) Jean Roberge has carefully outlined several requirements for IMSP project but few other information technology directives are required to be incorporated in order to ensure the successful implementation of IMSP in ABS Corporation. Following are few additional requirements to be fulfilled to ascertain a new direction ABS in information technology. a. A parallel project for enterprise level network infrastructure is required to be established to ensure the provisioning of effective and highly secure channel for corporate information interchange. The enterprise network will also assist in launching Sales department web module of IMSP project and home based access of corporate information system through Virtual Private Network (VPN) technology.

What Is Succession Planning Commerce Essay

What Is Succession Planning Commerce Essay In Lawrence S. Kleimans writings about the post-hiring phase, he suggests several elements that include training and development, compensation, productivity improvements and both financial and non-financial rewards (p.8). However, another crucial element that todays employees seriously consider when accepting a job opportunity is the succession planning framework of the organisation in question. Succession planning basically involves the establishing of the right people in the right positions at the right time to enable the division and ultimately the organisation to progress towards its goals. Atwood (2007) reiterates this when he explains that succession planning is the on-going process of identifying future leaders in an organisation and developing these leaders to enable them to helm the organisation effectively (p. 1). Atwood also goes on to explain that the succession planning process involves the reviewing of the organisations strategic plans, analysing the existing workforce, forecasting potential trends and developing employees through a structured plan to take over from current leaders who retire or decide to leave the organisation for whatever reasons (p. 1). In Rothwells (2010) writings, succession planning is defined as a means by which to identify and develop internal talent to meet current and future talent needs of the organisation (p. 7). The author further emphasises that succession planning is a deliberate and systematic effort of an organisation to ensure leadership continuity within the organisation. It is also a means to develop intellectual and knowledge capital for the future, and to spur individual advancement (p. 7). Singer and Griffith (2010) suggest that succession planning is more than just replacement planning or merely filling vacancies within the organisation as they occur. The author also states that comprehensive succession management integrates talent management with the organisations strategic planning (p. 1). Succession planning is a proactive initiative which does not wait for the talent or those in key positions to leave the organisation before the process kick-starts. Succession planning is an initiative that is ahead of the curve, anticipating, developing, and ensuring that key tasks are accomplished and knowledge is shared as well as transferred healthily (p.7). Another explanation of succession planning to mull over is Olstein, Marden, Voeller and Jennings (2005), whereby the authors suggest that succession planning is a utility that encompasses a well-developed plan to prepare for the future generational change (p.15). Succession planning is further reiterated as a methodical process that involves analysing the existing workforce, identifying the needs of the workforce in the future and determining the gap between the current and future. It also includes implementing solutions so that the organisation is able to achieve its corporate aspirations (p. 16). Hastings (2005) explains succession planning in four phases as illustrated below in diagram 1.1: Diagram 1.1: Four Phases of Succession Planning (Source: Hastings, 2005, p. 2) The diagram above talks about 4 phases in succession planning that are crucial for the process to be effective. Hastings also reiterates the earlier statements that succession planning is an on-going process and not just a one-time effort. The organisation has to keep the cycle of succession planning going in order for it to be able to effectively position its leadership candidates in the right places. 1.1 Who Needs Succession Planning? Succession planning should be undertaken by organisations who wish to continue their successes in the future or who plan to expand their success in the future. Shipman (2007) states that competitive organisations know that investing in their employees with career development and a good succession planning framework is an investment that will reap multiple rewards (p. 24). Shipman also states that due to the ageing workforce, succession planning is a priority that must be looked into in todays organisations (p. 25). It is an initiative that should involve employees with good performance and who show great potential for leadership roles within the organisation. Succession planning can involve employees from all levels of jobs. Hastings (2005) states that succession planning is needed for staff, with input from staff as well, as staff need to be aligned to the organisations succession planning framework in order for it to work effectively (3). In Rothwells (2005) writings he states that organisational leaders must realise that their companys long-term viability is at stake if they do not seriously structure succession planning. It will affect the retention of qualified talents within the organisation which will lead to serious effects on the organisations strategic objectives (p. 27). An effective succession plan will enhance the smooth transfer of business and allow the organisation to maintain good relationships with employees and business partners by way of (excerpt from the Canada Business Network): Protecting the business legacy Building value for the organisations and its business Providing financial security for stakeholders Dealing with unexpected leadership absences such as death, resignations or termination. Preparing for the future of the business Therefore it can be concluded that succession planning is not only need for the organisations workforce but also for the organisation itself to maintain its competitiveness and to achieve its corporate objectives and goals. 1.2 The Importance of Succession Planning According to Rothwell (2005), succession planning is important for 4 main reasons (p. 41): The continued success and survival of the organisation which depends on the right people being at the right positions at the right time. The lack of good leadership in the market at large to take on the helm of an organisation To encourage diversity and multiculturalism within the organisation To establish the basis for career path planning, development and training plans In the Houston Chronicle (http://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-succession-planning-5129.html ), Louise Balle suggests that succession planning is an approach whereby an organisation or business owner transfers knowledge or even the administration of the business to another capable or well-equipped individual upon retirement, disability or even death. Balle further reiterates that a succession plan is important because it offers the organisations management or the business owner an alternative for when the need arises. In Elizabeth Harrins (2010) article in The Glasshammer website, it is stated that the number of managers available to step into leadership roles will drop dramatically in the coming years according to a study by EgonZehnder International. The study states that the average company will be left with just one half of its talents by 2015, due to the fact that there are just not sufficient people with the right skills and experience to take the reigns for the future (except from http://www.theglasshammer.com/news/2010/04/27/developing-future-leaders/ ). Therefore, succession planning is a crucial element to ensure leadership continuity within an organisation, without which the organisation will have no capable leaders at the helm for the future. The HR Council for the Non-Profit Sector (excerpt from http://hrcouncil.ca/hr-toolkit/planning-succession.cfm#_secA3 )states that succession planning is important because it can offer the following benefits: The assurance that the organisation is prepared for leadership crises and can maintain leadership continuity. The continued supply of qualified and motivated people who are capable and prepared to take on the current senior positions within the organisation. Assures alignment of the organisations vision and human resources that reflect a good understanding for strategic human capital planning. Shows the organisations strong commitment towards developing its peoples career paths as well as enabling the organisation to facilitate effective recruitment and retention of high-performing employees. A strong reputation as an employer who invests in its people and provides opportunities for advancement. Strengthen employee engagement conveying the message that the organisation values its employees. In an article in The StarBiz (2 July 2007), it is stated that Malaysian companies are generally aware of the importance of succession planning, particularly larger corporations. The article quotes SMR Technologies Bhd Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Dr R. Palan as saying that common sense dictates that an organisation should have a succession plan in place despite their size and status. Palan also states that in Malaysian government-linked companies, much effort has been made to develop the next level of leadership in a conscious and planned manner. He said that there is a common trend worldwide for large companies to focus on developing stars and A players the top 5 per cent of a companys manpower. He reiterates that smooth successions were a result of well-thought plans to ensure business continuity (excerpt from http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/7/2/business/18179462sec=business ). Dr Palan offers an example in The General Electric Company (GE), whereby he states GE is arguably one of the most successful companies in the world with a good track record of returns to shareholders. Dr Palan explains that this is attributed to GEs CEO Jack Walsh, having a pool of three successors, before he retired, to take on the administration of the company. One succeeded Jack Walsh whilst the other two went on to contribute successfully in other corporations. Dr Palan stresses that companies should have a succession plan as it is the only way to stay relevant in a changing world (excerpt from http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/7/2/business/18179462sec=business ). Another statement by a Malaysian business stalwart in The StarBiz (2 July 2010) Dr Michael Yeoh states that Malaysian corporations were now increasingly aware of the importance of succession planning in order to establish business continuity in the interests of stakeholders. He quotes that some listed companies on Bursa Malaysia now have three or four possible candidates that could replace the CEO if and when necessary (http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/7/2/business/18179462sec=business). 1.3 The Current Issues in Succession Planning The current issues affecting succession planning can take on many facets. According to Rothwell (2001), these issues can include (article 78); An aging workforce and retirement of Baby Boomers. Changes in the work environment with varying processes, technologies and mechanisms. Changes in the workforce with regard to diversity, with the increasing number of immigrant workers in all sectors. Globalisation which includes rules and regulations, government polices and processes as well as evolving methods of business transactions. Military conflicts, affecting countries with civil instability. Technology accelerators, that enable business to be done in a myriad of methods which are different from past business transactions in the 1990s and before that. Tight labour market Unethical and unprofessional behaviour of organisation leadership, that includes prejudice, unequal opportunities and unprofessionalism, amongst others. According to Mathis and Jackson (2010), issues surrounding succession planning are prevalent worldwide. The authors state that the percentage of the aging population in the workforce in Japan, Germany, Italy and England, are even higher than in the USA. Their analysis says that with the growth of the immigrants, employers are facing both legal and workforce diversity issues. The authors also state that in countries with growing native workforces, such as China and India, succession planning is crucial (p. 290). Mandi (2008) explains that issues relating to succession planning can stem from various aspects. Effective succession planning involves the identification and selection of future key leaders, however, if there are no suitable candidates for leadership within the organisation, that poses another problem (p. 88). Organisations must have a formal and structured succession planning framework to ensure the success of this process. Without a formal and structured framework, organisations are sure to meet failure. Many organisations today, especially the smaller establishments, may not see the succession planning as mission critical until a leadership crises hits them. However, succession planning does not always guarantee success for the organisation, however, it can set the organisation on the right path to success. Achieving that success is altogether another aspect to consider and analyse. 1.4 How To Effectively Conduct Succession Planning According to an article in The Star (30 October 2012), change can be traumatic. Large organisations, small businesses, families and even governments are at their most vulnerable during a leadership transition. In many cases, the moment a new CEO takes up the reins, there will be issues, regardless of how competent or experienced the new leaders is on paper. The article suggests 6 critical steps to kick-start succession planning within the organisation: Align the board and top management with the organisations business strategy and map out short-term, mid-term and long-term wins. It defeats the purpose of identifying new leadership candidates to lead the organisation into the future if the future itself is not clear. Build leadership profiles. Identify the attributes needed to help the company achieve its corporate goals. Identify the ideal skills needed and analyse the boards or top managements vision of the ideal CEO in the next five to ten years. Identify high potential talent. Find people within the organisation and externally, who have leadership potential and match them to the ideal vision of the corporate leadership. Develop talent. Have clear cut developmental plans for high-potential leadership candidates, so as to groom these candidates to take on the intended leadership roles within the organisation. Identify their areas of weakness or inexperience and device structured plans to address these areas and provide them with opportunities for more exposure within the organisation. This might mean giving them the opportunity for hands-on experience in management positions that they have never dealt with previously, sending them on overseas assignments, improving their technical skills and business acumen and even shadowing a member of senior management to learn the ropes. Coach high potential candidates. Management succession candidates should receive one-on-one sessions with high level executives to learn more about top management functions and how to manage problems. Internal mentoring is a powerful tool and is incredibly valuable. External executive coaching is also an excellent way to learn new and innovative techniques from other successful leaders. Transfer knowledge. It is crucial for succession planning to establish mechanisms that maintain succession planning despite board or management turnover. The succession planning momentum must be maintained regardless of the changes happening within the organisation. Only then can succession planning be effectively administered within the organisation. Close monitoring of candidates progress. Succession candidates must be closely monitored with regard to their progress and development. A candidate chosen today may not be suitable anymore after a one-year period. Candidates must be evaluated periodically on their current suitability for potential leadership positions in the future. According to Durai (2010), prerequisites for successful succession planning include the following (p. 246); Complete support and patronage from top management. The organisation must periodically review the list of critical positions within the organisation and bring them under the succession planning programme. Whilst determining HR strategies for training and development, the succession planning requirements must be taken into account. The knowledge, skills and capabilities of employees must be developed on a sustained basis. A proper mechanism must be established to provide constant feedback to the potential successors about their performance and progress. The organisation needs to adopt a strategic and holistic approach to succession planning as well as the development of its leadership. 1.5 Conclusion Many organisations realise the importance of succession planning and have great plans to support this idea. However well these plans may have been crafted, there may be hitches in them that need to be addressed. According to Durai (2010), these impediments may include the following (p. 246): Lack of criteria for the identification of the successor Organisations must set clear-cut criteria for the selection of potential succession candidates. This will outline an unbiased framework for the selection of eligible and capable candidates. Existence of traditional succession planning systems Many traditional succession planning systems entail the selection of succession candidates to replace specific individuals instead of the position. This kind of system can often end-up with the identification of a few subordinates by the senior managers for inclusion in the succession planning programme. The organisation should instead identify key positions to be included in the succession planning programme. Only then it should develop a pool of high-potential candidates for inclusion in the succession planning process. Inaccurate diagnosis of development requirements There are many cases where organisations make a wrong assessment of skills requirements of potential candidates. When skills requirements are misjudged, it can lead to the inaccurate selection of training and development approaches as well as performance evaluation methods. Therefore it is crucial for organisations to engage proven methods to identify skills and knowledge requirements for its succession planning candidates. Insufficient emphasis on interpersonal skills requirements Leaders should have good interpersonal and team-building skills that can help them engage employees. Therefore, succession planning candidates for leadership positions must be evaluated on their ability to engage people within the organisation. Often this is not properly evaluated leaving gaps on communication, motivation and socialisation skills for potential candidates. Lack of sufficient and timely sharing of feedback The lack of feedback and guidance towards a succession candidate can drive the successor out of the organisation due to frustration and a lack of purpose. Therefore it is importance for potential candidates to know that they are in the succession planning line for leadership positions in order for them to be well-aligned with HRs plans. Lack of follow-up actions In many organisations, succession planning often remains in the background without clear-cut follow-up plans and actions. In these organisations, management fails at taking succession planning to its logical end, resulting in the chosen candidates for succession being left in limbo. This speaks about bad planning and implementation for succession planning within the organisation. Absence of managerial initiative and support Management initiative and support are crucial to the success of succession planning. Therefore it is important for HR to educate management on the benefits of succession planning so that management can support this concept on a sustained basis. Psychological effects and insecurity of superiors It is quite common for managers to feel threatened when succession planning is done for their positions as they see it to be an end of their own career. In cases like this, an insecure superior may display disinterest and even apathy in sharing his skills and knowledge with potential candidates. To address this, top management must enlighten managers about the purpose surrounding the succession planning framework and dispel apprehensions about the programme. QUESTION 2: COMPETENCY-BASED PAY 2.1 What is Competency-based Pay? Lawrence Kleinmans article on Human Resource Management (HRM) offers a broad perspective of human resource management. The article suggests that human resource has gone beyond just hiring and paying employees. Instead, he states that HRM encompasses a whole paradigm of human capital management with many facets, one of which includes the strategic intent behind an employees pay scale. Traditionally, wages have always been determined by the assigned job of an employee. However, in todays human resource management, many organisations are adopting the approach of competency-based pay. According to Caruth and Handlogten (2001), competency-based pay is a salary structure whereby workers are paid not simply for the job they may be doing presently , but on the basis of the total number of jobs they are able to perform or on the basis of the depth of knowledge they have acquired (p. 146). Another explanation of competency-based pay by Baldwin (2003) states that employees value depends on what they can do, based on their respective competencies. The more an employee is able to do, the more the organisation can expect and the greater the individuals value (p. 101). The author states that competency-based pay stresses importance on the competency of an employee (p. 101). According to Robbins, Odendaal and Roodt (2003), competency-based pay is another alternative to job-based pay. Instead of having an individuals job title define his or her pay, competency-based pay sets pay levels on the basis of how much an employee can do and how many skills the employee has (p. 161). The United Kingdoms Local Government Employers (excerpt from www.lge.gov.uk ) define competency-based pay as a system that rewards individuals who positively contribute to the overall values and objectives of the organisation basically meaning, rewarding the way people work and not just acknowledging their delivery capabilities. Another definition to consider is one by Jackson, Schuler and Werner (), who explain that a competency-based pay structure is associated with the skills of individuals, whereby pay rates are reflect the value assigned to the demonstrated skills of employees and not the value affixed to their job or task (p. 383). In article by Sriyan De Silva (1998) for the International Labour Office, competency-based pay or skill-based pay refers to a pay system which is linked to the depth of skills an employee acquires and applies. De Silvafurther adds that competency-based pay is a person-based pay system and not a job-based pay system. It rewards an employee for what the employee is worth it rewards a broad range of skills which encourages the employee to be multi-skilled and flexible (excerpt from http://www.ilo.org ). 2.2 Why Adopt A Competency-based Pay Scheme? Caruth and Handlogten (2001) suggest that the competency-based pay schemes are a result of organisational downsizing and restructuring. As organisations become leaner and more cost conscious, it is crucial for employees to be able to perform multiple tasks. (p. 146). Kusluvan (2003) states that competency-based pay systems motivate employees to develop and apply their agility and initiative when performing their duties or servicing customers (p. 795). This is a kind of incentive to draw more hidden talents out of employees and harness their hidden potential. In todays materialistic world, as much as it may sound decadent, money is the highest motivating factor for workers. Employees who were once redundant and unproductive can be actually change to be more innovative, contribute more productively and achieve performance excellence by way of monetary incentives. This, of course, may not work for certain groups of people who are not motivated by money however, the majority seems to jum p with the sight of monetary-based incentives. Robbins, Odendaal and Roodt (2003) suggest that competency-based pay offers flexibility from a management perspective (p. 161). Filling vacancies is easier when employee skills are interchangeable this is especially true in todays context whereby organisations are downsizing and cutting the size of their workforces. The authors state that downsized organisations require more generalists as compared to specialists (p. 161). With competency-based pay schemes employers are less likely to encounter self-centeredness amongst employees and the attitude of Its not my job. Another aspect that Robbins, Odendaal and Roodt (2003) raise is that competency-based pay schemes help meet the needs of ambitious employees who confront minimal advancement opportunities (p. 161). These employees are able to increase their earning capacity and knowledge without a promotion in job title or role. Competency-based pay is also able drive performance excellence and improvements. Robbins, Odendaal and Roodt q uote survey of Fortune 1000 companies which found that 60 per cent of those on a competency-based pay scheme indicated higher success rates in increasing organisational performance, whilst only 6 per cent considered this approach unsuccessful (p. 161). In todays business environment, where productivity is number one, competency-based pay systems offer employers an edge to garner more productivity from their employees, resulting in better business performance and more improvements. 2.3 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Competency-based Pay Advantages Disadvantages According to Messmer (2007), competency-based pay schemes create incentives for sustained improved performance (p. 174). This approach appeals to high performers who prefer to be paid on the basis of what they contribute and not on seniority (p. 174). According to Messmer (2007), competencies must be outlined carefully to avoid potential discrimination charges. Messmer also suggests that it may be incompatible with labour contracts associated with unionised workers (p. 174). Competency-based pay schemes helps employees grow in place and provides them the guidance for closing knowledge gaps required for lateral moves within the organisation (Arthur, 2001, p. 67). Competency-based pay schemes can lead to employees being topped-out, which means they can learn all the skills the programme calls for them to learn, which in turn will frustrate employees after they have become challenged by an environment of learning, growth and continual pay raises (Robbins, 2003, p. 179). It reduces the need for promotion in order to earn higher wages and offers employees the opportunity earn higher wages through skills enhancement (DeSilva, 1998, www.ilo.org ). Competency-based pay schemes do not address the level of performance, instead it only deals with whether an employee can perform the skill (Robbins, 2003, p. 179). The broadening of skills results in employees developing a better perspective of operations in its entirety (DeSilva, 1998, www.ilo.org ). Associating competency to pay requires substantial investments in training and development facilities as well as competence assessment systems, in order to provide all employees the opportunity to increase competency and pay levels (White, Druker, 2000, p. 88). Competency-based pay schemes break down narrow job classifications and enlarges job roles (DeSilva, 1998, www.ilo.org ). Can be tedious and challenging to manage as pay has to be constantly calculated based on the set formula and criteria. 2.4 How To Conduct An Effective Competency-based Pay Scheme For Middle Managers in the Marketing Department It is crucial for an organisation to constantly evaluate and review their total pay structure in order to remain relevant in the ever-evolving business environment and to retain critical talents. In order to drive performance and maximise value, it is crucial to remunerate employees based on their competence levels, skills sets, capabilities, contributions and result-based performance. Competency-based Pay for Campaps Middle Management This study will analyse competency-based pay scheme to be implementedforCheeWah Corporation Berhad a stationary solutions provider in Malaysia operating with the brand name Campap (excerpt from www.campap.com). The company has outlets located in major cities in Malaysia and has a marketing department comprising of 55 employees. The marketing department comprises the following organisational structure: Diagram 2.1: CheeWah Corporations Marketing Department Organisation Chart In the case of CheeWah, the competency-based pay scheme will be introduced first to middle managers in the marketing department, which are the Senior Marketing Managers. The competency-based pay scheme will need to take into account the companys vision which is We aspire to be the LEADING supplier that commits to meet and exceed our customers expectations (excerpt from www.campap.com ). Their human resource management is aligned around the theme Developing our people to drive corporate growth. Before this study delves into CheeWahs competency-based pay model, other pay models will be discussed for comparison. Competency-based Pay Models Kusluvan (2003) describes a competency-based pay model whereby it is a process identical to a selection strategy where traits most valued by the organisation are identified and ways to embed these traits into the employees competencies and performance goals are derived (p. 795). Heneman (2002) describes a competency-based pay model whereby compensation is adjusted when an employee demonstrates with knowledge and performance tests that he or she has the required skills to reach the next level (p. 160). Wright (2004) describes a competency-based pay model that takes into account innovation, quality enhancement and cost reduction aside from the employees skills and competencies (p. 4). In the case of CheeWah, the competency-based pay model for middle managers will take the following approach: CheeWah Corporations Competency-based Pay Model for the Marketing Department Organisational Vision, Business Strategy and Human Resource Mandate Required Employee Behaviour HR and Reward Policies Industry Leadership Proactive and constantly seeking to expand their areas of coverage. Regular association and engagement with industry leaders and leadership platforms. Pay raise based on annual achievements of industry engagement opportunities. Financial remuneration for each leadership platform penetrated on an annual basis. Corporate Growth The ability to establish new business opportunities and penetrate new markets. A 2 percent commission on each new business gained and 10% increment per annum for the total number of new business gained per annum. The opportunity for an all-paid overseas trip for the achievement of industry awards for performance excellence. Cost Reduction/ Minimisation The strategic ability t